From Dharma to Self-Determination: Happiness and Goal Orientation Across Time

Abstract

This paper examines happiness and goal orientation through the ancient Indian philosophical and contemporary psychological perspectives. Across cultures and eras, the search for a fulfilling life has focused on understanding joy and purpose. Ancient Indian thought views happiness (ananda) as inner bliss rooted in self-realization and dharma, while Greek philosophy highlights eudaimonia- flourishing through virtue and personal excellence. In both, happiness stems from ethical living and meaningful engagement with life. Modern psychology, by contrast, explores happiness through measurable concepts like emotional well-being, life satisfaction, and goal achievement. Theories such as Self-Determination Theory and Achievement Goal Theory underscore autonomy, competence, and connection as key ingredients of well-being. Positive Psychology further emphasizes strengths, optimism, and purpose. By integrating philosophical and psychological viewpoints, this paper presents a holistic framework for understanding how the pursuit of happiness and meaningful goals continues to define human well-being.